A.K.M Jamal Uddin

  • The same unblinking eyes seemed to bore into my very soul every time I looked out towards the sky. She was a bedraggled sight in the midst of everything. Her wiry, stringy hair hung limply down her back, barely covered by the rags she wore. Yet what stared insolently from the pallor of her face was a pair of intense eyes framed by dark circles of fatigue. Where her entire being looked lifeless and worn, the eyes remained focused and alert, undaunted by the wrought iron gates.

    She had remained in that same position every single day for the last week whenever I was within the walls of my immense mansion. Each day only caused the burden of guilt weighing me down to intensify. My face now manifested the wretchedness that was swallowing my heart and soul leading me to wonder how long before the brunt of it would simply shred me to bits. The moment was captured like a grotesque picture, eternally imprinted in my memories.

    The gaunt and elderly gentleman had just stepped off the pavement. The little girl by his side was, fortunately for her, a little slower and thus saved from harm as I watched with numb horror, my speeding form crash into the man with such tremendous force that he was flung off a few meters ahead. The girl’s distraught screams and the thud of human bone impacting heavily on the hard road surface rung in my head like hell itself. In that moment of utter trepidation and panic, selfish thoughts were all my willpower and weak judgement could muster. Simply revving up my Porsche engine I drove away the guilt, fear and shame multiplying and proliferating.

    The erratic thumping of my heart driving me into a deep set panic, I could still see the headlines splashed vividly across the front pages as I held the newspapers with trembling hands. They ranged from the speculation of the irresponsibility and heartlessness of the hit and run driver who had robbed little Sue of her only living relative, to outright condemnation of her cowardice at fleeing the scene. It was fortunate that our little neighbourhood could hardly trace this unidentified person and it was with guilty relief I found out that little Sue was vocally impaired. The accident bore no eye witnesses. Not that I was too particularly worried, the local police department was too busy settling their own internal differences and it would be simply foolish for them to try and arrest the single sponsor who has been funding and pumping in enormous amounts of money for them.

    Her speech may be impaired but her drive was relentless. She would not rest until I had paid for the death of her beloved grandfather; she was determined to trail me until I realised the full enormity of my crime, even if that meant that she might eventually die doing it. Her blind relentlessness was born of a chillingly simple understanding: this heartless creature must and would pay.

    It was something I was only beginning to understand.

    PDF Logo_2PDF Version [Published at SMC Magazine “āύ⧋āĻ™āĻ°â€ May 2014]

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    Audity Binta Tareq
    Audity Binta Tareq is a student of Secondary 3, Raffels Girls School (Secondary). She is the daughter of Tareq Mohammad Atiqur Rashid (27)

  • PSLE is around the corner. That means that this year’s batch of Primary 6 is grueling hard to attain a score good enough to get them into their dream schools.

    The Primary School Leaving Examinations, widely abbreviated as the PSLE, is one of the many national exams in Singapore that cause stress among many of our youths today.

    Self-expectations, expectations from parents, relatives, uncles and aunties, all add up to their stress level. However, this stress isn’t necessarily bad. It helps to motivate the pupil.

    Having taken the PSLE last year, I can very well say that PSLE isn’t as difficult as you may imagine it to be. Reason being, MOE has to think of all the average/below average pupils in Singapore. If the paper ends up being too difficult, they will barely pass. Hence, the papers, I would say are fairly moderate.

    However, MOE can’t set a paper so easy that even below average pupils can ace. Therefore, among all the easy questions, there will be a certain few, that will make you think deep that certain pupils of a higher ability will be able ace.

    Therefore in this article, I’ll give my fellow PSLE juniors or even the others who are going to take the same exam in the next few years a few tips 🙂

    1. Don’t burn the midnight oil.
    It is always important never to stay up until midnight studying. Reason being, the next morning you will probably find yourself too lethargic to even go to school, or doze off in between classes. Attention during classes is necessary as you are learning new things every single day. Make sure you are energetic for the next day. Going to sleep at around 10:00-10:30 pm is advisable.

    2. Don’t over study.
    Yes, of course, we say it’s good to be hardworking, because hard work is the key to success. However, over studying isn’t good either. Studying too much at once can cause you to forget more easily. So therefore, study slowly and digest what you are learning slowly. Slow and steady wins the race.

    3. Always revise what you have learnt.
    After coming back from school everyday, take an hour or so to look through everything that you have learnt for the day. This helps to refresh your memory and it also helps to remember things better. There are many ways you can remember your notes
    For Example:

    Highlighting the notes in yellow/bright colors
    Drawing out the notes
    Making it vibrant
    Writing notes/mind maps

    Revision for the PSLEs should never be left for the last minute as it won’t help much, except merely adding on to the stress before PSLE nights. Always revise early and daily so that the pressure on the night before the PSLEs is minimum.

    4. Reflect back on your mistakes and summarize them.
    During my PSLE year, what I used to do was to create a list of all the spelling/grammatical/common mistakes I made. Creating a list makes it easier to reflect back on mistakes so that won’t be repeated in future. Summarizing your mistakes makes sure you don’t have to go through the trouble of finding them all over again when revising and it’s also easy to bring along on the day of the PSLE other than bringing along a whole file of worksheets.

    5. Spend some of your time with your hobbies/interests
    This is very important. As the saying goes “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”

    Always remember to spend at least an hour everyday on once a week engaging in your hobby, as it helps you to refresh and cleanse your mind. Studying continuously will make your brain go haywire that is why it is always good to have a 10 minutes break after 1.5 to 2 hours of studying. It might be reading a book, gazing out of the window or even listening to music.

    6. Exercise and keep healthy
    This brings me back to my 5th point. Studying without any physical activity affects you adversely. Exercise and eat healthily for a healthy outcome of mind and body. At this stage, it is not appropriate for anyone to go on a diet to lose weight as this is our growing period. Make sure you eat moderately and also exercise regularly. Spend 30 minutes of your evenings exercising at least twice a week or so. Keeping healthy will ensure your well-being so that you do not miss classes and also you can keep a fresh and open mind for digesting notes. Drink lots of water and keep fit as at this point of life, falling sick will be the last thing that you would wish for.

    Everyone has their expectations. Make sure that your expectations are realistic. If you are someone who always scores a ‘B’, then don’t expect yourself to reach an A* overnight. Work towards an ‘A’ first and gradually work towards an A*. Remember ‘Slow and steady wins the race’

    On the other hand, if you are consistently scoring an A or A*, remember to never become complacent. Always try to keep up to your level or even so, do better.

    Everyone wants to go to the dream school of their choice. For me it has always been a dream to go to one of the top few schools in Singapore. National Junior College is one of the finest schools in Singapore.

    Our very own prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong was from NJC.Along with him are many of our other ministers for example Vivian Balakrishnan (Minister of Environment) , Ng Eng Hen (Minister of Manpower), Gan Kim Yong (Minister of State of Education) and the list could go on.

    NJC always had a very good reputation of producing fine scholars and amazing A’level results. It is one of the top 5 junior colleges in Singapore.NJC offers a holistic education and needs a minimum of 255(2013 cut-off point) to get into the school, for O’ levels an outstanding score of 5 points.

    NJC has a very fun-filled environment with top notch facilities. The NJC environment is very friendly and conducive. The school is huge and amazing. NJC focuses a lot on not only academics but also so much more on the building of one’s character. Being one of the top 5 secondary schools in Singapore-it has produced many President Scholars and talented young people.

    I would like to end this article by saying that PSLE isn’t the only exam in your life. There are so many others to come. Infact, its just the beginning of this learning journey.It doesn’t matter where you study ,which school you study in, because at the end of the day it all depends on you as an individual and the sweet fruit of your hard work.

    PDF Logo_2PDF Version [Published at SMC Magazine “āύ⧋āĻ™āĻ°â€ May 2014]

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    32 Saiyara Makhnoon26 - Copy

    Saiyara Makhnoon is a student of Junior High 1, National Junior College. She is the daughter of Ataul Majid Ujjal (26)

  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻ–āύ āχāϰāĻžāύāĻŋ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϰāϤ⧎ ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧎ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻā§œā§‹ āĻšāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ—āύāϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇⧎ āĻŦ⧇āĻ—āĻŽ āĻ–āĻžāϞ⧇āĻĻāĻž āϜāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ‘āφāωāϟ’ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύ⧎ āφāϰ ‘āχāύ ‘ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύ āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāύāĻž āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧎ āχāϰāĻžāύāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ āĻāĻ• āĻĢāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ āϤāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϜāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžā§‡āϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇, “āφāĻ—āĻž ( āϜāύāĻžāĻŦ ), āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻŋ? āĻāĻ• āĻ­āĻĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻšāĻŋāϞāĻž āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύ⧎ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāϰ⧇āĻ• āϜāύ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāϏ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ⧎ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋ, āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āφāϏāϞ⧇āχ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĒ⧁āϰāώ āύāĻžāχ?”

    āĻŦāϞāϞāĻžāĻŽ, “āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧋? āϘāϰ āϏāĻ‚āϏāĻžāϰ, āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻž-āĻ•āĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻž, āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ⧇āϰāĻž āϝ⧇ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡ āϚāϞ⧇ āφāϏāĻŋā§ˇâ€

    āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĨāύ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāϰāϞ⧋ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āĻžāϞāϰ⧁āĻŽ āĻœā§ā§œā§‡ā§ˇ āĻŦāϞāϞāĻžāĻŽ, āĻĻ⧇āĻ–ā§‹ āĻāχ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāϜ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋āϟāĻŋ āφāϏāϞ⧇āχ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ⧎ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ āϏāĻšāϜ⧎ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻŸā§‹-āĻĒāĻžāχāϞāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻ…āĻŸā§‹-āĻĒāĻžāχāϞāϟ āĻŽā§‡āĻ•āĻžāύāĻŋāϜāĻŽāϟāĻŋ āφāϰ⧋ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŸā§‹āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻŋāϕ⧎ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āχ āĻĄā§āϰāĻžāχāĻ­āĻŋāĻ‚ āϏāĻŋāĻŸā§‡ āϕ⧋āύ āϞāĻŋāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āĻĄā§āϰāĻžāχāĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻŦāϏāϞ⧋ āϏ⧇āχ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻ…āĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• ⧎ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ–āύāχ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāϞ-āĻĄāĻžāϞ-āύ⧂āύ-āϤ⧇āϞ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāύāϤ āϛ⧋āϟāĻ–āĻžāϟ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž ⧎ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ˜ā§‹āώ, āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ā§ˇ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻœā§€āĻŦā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻļāϤāĻ•āϰāĻž ⧝⧝ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāχ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇⧎ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻĄā§āϰāĻžāχāĻ­āĻŋāĻ‚ āϏāĻŋāĻŸā§‡ āϜāύāϤāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āύ āϚāĻžāĻĒ āύāĻžāχ⧎ āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻšā§‹āĻ• ,āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ āĻšā§‹āĻ• – āĻāχ āϏāĻŋāĻŸā§‡ āĻŦāϏāĻžā§Ÿ āϕ⧋āύ āĻšā§‡āϰāĻĢ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāχ⧎ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ āĻŦāϏāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϝāĻžāχ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧋⧎ āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĻ“ āĻāĻ–āύ āϤāĻžāχ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āύ⧎

    āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄā§‡āϟ āϞāĻžāχāĻĢ⧇ āϜāύ⧈āĻ• āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāĻŦāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāύāĻž āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋ āϝ⧇ āωāύāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻŽāĻžāϞ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇⧎ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āχāĻŽāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϟ āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄā§‡āϟ āĻŽāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āύ, ‘āĻŦāĻžāĻ›āĻžāϰāĻž, āĻĒāĻŋāϤ⧃āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžā§ŸāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āϞāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻž āĻĒāϰāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϰāĻžāϤ āφāϟāϟāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧋āϟāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϞāĻžāχāĻĢ-āĻœā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧇āϟāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§œā§‡ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧋ ⧎’ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āϐ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰ⧀āĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĄāĻŋāωāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āύ⧎

    āϐ āύ⧇āĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āϟāϰ⧇āϰ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŦ āφāϞāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϜāύ āĻāχ āϞāĻžāχāĻĢ āĻœā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧇āϟ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻĒāϟāĻŽ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰāϰ⧂āĻĒā§€ āĻāχ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāϜāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āύ⧇āĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āϟāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ā§ˇ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ—āϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāϰāϞ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āϟāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϕ⧇⧗āĻļāϞ⧀ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ⧎ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϘāĻžā§œā§‡āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāϞāϕ⧁āϞ āĻ—āĻžā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋āϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžā§ˇ

    āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ⧇āχ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻāχ āϏāĻŦ āύ⧇āĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āϟāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϘ⧃āĻŖāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇⧎ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāχ āϘ⧃āĻŖāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ⧇āχ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ āύ⧇āĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āϟāϰāϰāĻž ‘āĻĒāϞāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϏ’ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āĻŦā§āϰ⧀āϜāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻž āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāύ āύāĻžā§ˇ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ⧀ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϘāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻĒ⧇āĻ¤ā§āύ⧀⧎ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāχ āĻĢāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏ⧇⧎ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŽ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāĻĻ⧇āϰ, āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϛ⧇āϞ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āφāϏāĻž āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧎

    āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖā§€āϰ āύ⧇āĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āϟāϰāϰāĻžāχ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§āϰ⧀āϜāϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ–āϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇⧎ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŽāύ āϚāĻžā§Ÿ āϞāĻŋ-āĻ•ā§‚ā§ŸāĻžāύ āχāω āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĨāĻŋāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ āύ⧇āĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āϟāϰ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāχ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāϕ⧎ āĻ āĻāĻ• āφāϜāĻŦ āϚāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§ˇ āĻ āϚāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇āχ āĻāĻ•-āĻāĻ—āĻžāϰ⧇āϤ⧇ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĢ⧇āϰ⧇āĻļāϤāĻž āύ⧇āĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āϟāϰ āύ⧇āĻŽā§‡ āφāϏāϞ ⧎ āĻŦāĻžāχāĻŦ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āύāĻŋ⧟āĻžā§Ÿ āφāϏāĻž āĻĢ⧇āϰ⧇āĻļāϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ•āϰ⧁āĻŖ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•-āĻāĻ—āĻžāϰ⧋āϰ āĻĢ⧇āϰ⧇āĻļāϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ⧎

    āφāϗ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇āχ āφāϰ⧋ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āϞāĻŽāϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āύ⧇āĻŽā§‡ āĻĒ⧜āϞāĻžāĻŽ ⧎ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āĻœā§‡ āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇ āϤāĻ–āύāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāχ⧎ āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻž āĻ…āĻ•ā§ƒāĻĒāĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ›āĻžāĻĒāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇⧎ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϭ⧁āϤāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āϏāĻžā§œāĻž āĻĒāĻžāχ⧎ āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϰ⧇āϗ⧁āϞāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϞāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāχ āĻ…āϧāĻŽāϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§Ÿā§ˇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āύ⧋āύāϤāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āϞāĻžāĻŽāϟāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿ ‘ āϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ āϜāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŋ’ ⧎ āĻļāĻĢāĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧇āĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ› āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ›āĻŋāύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āύ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āύ⧋āύāϤāĻž āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āφāϰ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžā§ˇ āĻŦāϞāϞāĻžāĻŽ,āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϕ⧀ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āφāϰ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦāχ āύāĻžā§ˇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻž āύ⧟, āύ⧇āĻļāĻžāĻ“ āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϤāĻžāĻ—āĻŋāĻĻ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ⧎

    āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻŽāχāύ⧁āϞ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦ⧇āĻļā§€ āĻŦ⧇āĻļā§€ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϟāĻžāχāĻĒāĻĄ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒ⧜āĻŦ⧎ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻŦ⧇⧎ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļāϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϕ⧇āύ āϝ⧇āύ āĻ›āĻžā§œāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āύāĻžā§ˇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž ‘ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž ‘ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāϰ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āφāϏāĻž āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āύāĻŋ – āĻāχ āωāĻ­ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽā§āϖ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāϰāĻĻāĻžā§œāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϟāĻž āĻŽāϜāĻŦ⧁āϤ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ āĻāχ āĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāύ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻĄā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ⧇āχ⧎ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ ‘āϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ āϜāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŋ’ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāχ āĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĢ⧇āĻļāύāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ› āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ⧎

    āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āϞ⧇āĻœā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āφāĻŦāĻĻ⧁āĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžāĻš āφāĻŦ⧁ āϏāĻžāĻ‡ā§ŸāĻŋāĻĻ āϏāĻš āφāϰ⧋ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϜāύ āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āĻŋāϤ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇⧎ āĻšā§ˆāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϟāĻŋ āϝ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧜āĻžāϤ⧇āύ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāϕ⧇ āĻšā§ˆāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧀āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ…āĻĒ⧁āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϰ⧋āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĢ⧇āϞāϤ⧇āύ⧎ āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϖ⧁āϞ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞāϤ⧇āύ āϤāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒ⧁āϰ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻ–āĻŋāύ⧇ āĻšāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻļāĻŋāĻšāϰāύ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āχ āĻŦā§Ÿā§‡ āϝ⧇āϤ⧎
    āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āχ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāύ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻĄā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻĒ⧇āϞāĻžāĻŽ āϤāĻ–āύ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻ–āύ āϰāĻ™āϧāύ⧁ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϞāĻžāϞ āϰāĻ™ āĻāύ⧇āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ⧇āϰ āύāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϞāϤāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧋⧎ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϰ⧋āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§āĻĄ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āχ āϚāϞ⧇ āφāϏāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œ āĻ˜ā§‡āϰāĻž āϜ⧁āϞāĻĻāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āϏ⧇āχ āĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāύ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻĄā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāϤ⧇⧎

    āĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻžāύāĻž,āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž,āϰ⧋āĻœā§€āύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽā§āĻ– āύāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ—āύ āĻŦ⧟āϏ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦ⧜ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻž āϧāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžā§ˇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ āĻ—ā§œāĻĒāϰāϤāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ⧇āϰ āύāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āχ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽā§ˇ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āχ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āϧāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋ āϖ⧇āϞāĻžāĻŽ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĻā§‹āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϰ⧇āĻĄ āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāχāϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧋, ‘āĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāύ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻĄā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻ—ā§‹ , āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻž -āϰ⧋āϜāĻŋāύāĻž āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻž āĻŦāĻžāρāϚāĻžāĻ“ āϗ⧋⧎’ āĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϝāϤ āύāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āφāϛ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχāϕ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻž āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧋⧎ āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻž āĻĄā§‡āϕ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϞ⧇āĻ“ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϘāĻžāϤ āϜāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§œā§‡ āĻŽāϰāϤ⧎

    āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡āχ āϭ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§ˇ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡ āĻ­ā§‹āϞāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžā§ˇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞāĻžāĻŽ āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϰāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻļāϤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟ⧎ āφāϰ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϜ⧁āύāĻŋ⧟āϰāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻļāϤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āφāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟ⧎ āφāϰāĻ“ āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖāĻžāĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧋ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϜāύ āĻ¸ā§āϟ⧁⧟āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄā§ˇ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϰāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāχ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰāϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ­āϞāĻŋāωāĻŽ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻšāϤ⧋ , āĻ¸ā§āϞāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāϕ⧁āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϰ⧎ āϏāĻŦāĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āχ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻŽāĻžāϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāχ āĻ“āĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ¸ā§āϟ⧁⧟āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻ—āĻŖ ⧎ āĻŦ⧇āϤāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāϤ⧋ āϕ⧋āύ āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϰāϕ⧇ āωāχāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ , āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§œā§‡ āĻāϰāĻ•āĻŽ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ¸ā§āϟ⧁⧟āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāϕ⧇āĻ“ āωāχāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ – āĻ¸ā§āϞāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāϕ⧁āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϰ⧎

    āĻŸā§‡āϰ⧋āϰāĻžāχāϜāĻĄ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ›āĻžā§ŸāĻž āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻœā§‡ āĻ“āĻ āϞ⧋, āĻŦā§āϞāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ āĻšā§‡āϞ, āĻšā§‹ā§ŸāĻžāχ āωāχāĻļāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āϟ⧁⧟āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ ? āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āĻ—āϞāĻĻ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇⧎ āϏ⧇āχ āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇āχ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻžāϞ⧎

    āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻĢā§āϰāĻ— āϜāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒ, āĻĢā§āϰāĻ¨ā§āϟ āϰ⧋āϞ, āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒ, āĻāϞāĻŋāĻĢā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ•,āĻĢā§āϰāĻ¨ā§āϟ āϰ⧋āϞ,āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āϰ⧋āϞ ⧎ āĻĢāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āϟāĻĢ⧁āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻāϕ⧇āĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻŽā§ˇ āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϖ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿā§ˇ āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŸā§‡āύāĻļāύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻžā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āĻ“ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻļ⧟ āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻĸ⧁āĻ•āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāϞ⧇āύ, ‘āĻšā§‹ā§ŸāĻžāχ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ?’ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻĻ⧁āύāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āφāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋āχ āĻāχ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāϟāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻĒ ā§ˇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ• āĻāχ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ• āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϰ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ āφāϟāϕ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇ ⧎ āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϰ āĻŽāĻšā§‹āĻĻā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻšāĻžāϤāϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āύ, āĻšā§‹ā§ŸāĻžāχ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ? āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰ⧁āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻŽāϜāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āĻ“ āύāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžā§ˇ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻšāĻžāϏāϞ⧇āχ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ -āϟ⧁-āĻŽāĻŋ-āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāύ- āϟ⧁- āĻĨā§āϰāĻŋ ..⧎ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž -āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻž -āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ—āϜāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϰ āĻŽāĻšā§‹āĻĻā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϘ⧁āĻŽāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇⧎

    āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϰ āĻ…āĻˇā§āϟāĻŽ āφāĻļā§āϚāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāχ āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϰāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āωāĻ āϤ⧇ āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϕ⧇āω āĻļāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§Â  āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāύ āύāĻžāχ⧎ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļāχ āĻĒāϰāĻŽ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡āϛ⧇āύ ⧎ āϜ⧁āύāĻŋ⧟āϰ-āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϰ⧇āϰ āĻāϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻĨā§‹āĻ•āĻž āĻĨā§‹āĻ•āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāχ āĻ—āĻžāĻ›āϟāĻŋ⧎

    āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻāχ āĻĨā§‹āĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻž āϏ⧇āĻ—āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ⧟ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§€ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ⧟ āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϰ-āϜ⧁āύāĻŋ⧟āϰ āĻāϰ⧇ āĻĒ⧜āĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻžāϟāĻŋāĻ“ āϏāĻ•āϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻœā§‡ āĻ“āϠ⧇⧎ āĻāχ āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻ“ āύ⧇āĻšāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϤ āĻ–āĻžāĻŸā§‹ āύ⧟⧎ āϜ⧁āϞāĻĻāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œ, āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻŋāϰ āϚāϰ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāχāĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚, āĻĢā§‹āϰ-āĻŽā§‡āχāύ-āĻŽāĻŋāϜāĻžāύ āϟāĻĒ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻāϏ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ⧎

    āϜāĻžāύāĻŋ āύāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāύ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ—āĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϤ āϏ⧇āχ āĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āύ āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āϏāĻ­ā§āϝāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āύāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ— āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāϟāĻŋ ⧎

    PDF Logo_2PDF Version [Published at SMC Magazine “āύ⧋āĻ™āĻ°â€ May 2014]
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    Rashid_21
    [āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻžāϰ āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĻ (⧍⧧): āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āύāĻžāĻŽ āφāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧁āϰ āϰāĻļā§€āĻĻ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻžāϰ āϰāĻļā§€āĻĻ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āχ āϏāĻŽāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨Â  āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ—āĻžāϜāĻŋāύ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āϞāĻžāĻŽāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϏ⧁āϧ⧀āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ⧋āϝ⧋āĻ— āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ I āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀ āφāĻĢāϰ⧋āϜāĻž āĻ–āĻžāύāĻŽ( āĻļāĻŋāωāϞ⧀) āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀āĨ¤Â Â Â  āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϛ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻ āĻāĻŽ āĻļāĻžāĻšāϰ⧁āϜ āϰāĻļā§€āĻĻ (āϏāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ)  āĻāĻ‚āϞ⧇āĻž āϚāĻžāχāύāĻŋāϜ (āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻĒ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻ¨ā§āϟ) āĻ āϏ⧇āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰāĻŋ  āĻĢā§‹āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝ⧟āύāϰāϤāĨ¤Â  āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāύāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāχāϭ⧇āϟ āϞāĻŋāσ āĻ āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āύāĻŋāϕ⧇āϞ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāύ⧇āϜāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϰāϤāĨ¤ ]

  • āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļ
    āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϐ āύ⧀āϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇
    āφāĻŽāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύ⧀āϞ āĻāύ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āύāĻž āĨ¤
    āϐ āύ⧀āϞ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡
    āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻž āĨ¤
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§â€™āĻšāĻžāϤ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āĻĻāĻžā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāĻ›āĻŋ
    āύ⧀āϞ⧇āϰ āϛ⧋āρ⧟āĻž āĻĒāĻžāχāύāĻž āĨ¤
    āύ⧀āϞ āύ⧀āϞ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ
    āύ⧀āϞ āϤ⧋ āφāĻŽāĻžā§Ÿ āϧāϰāĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāύāĻž āĨ¤
    āĻ“āĻ—ā§‹ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āύ⧀āϞ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļ
    āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύ⧀āϞ āĻāύ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āύāĻž āĨ¤
    āϤ⧇āĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāύ⧇ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡
    āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻļā§āϰ⧁ āĻāϰ⧇
    āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϕ⧇āύ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇
    āφāĻŽāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύ⧀āϞ āĻāύ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āύāĻž āĨ¤
    āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ•āĻžāϞ – āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϞ
    āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϧāĻ•āĻžāϰ
    āĻœā§‹ā§ŽāĻ¸ā§āύāĻž āϰāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āφāρāϧāĻžāϰ -āφāϞ⧋
    āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϝ⧇ āĻ…āϏ⧀āĻŽ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϧāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĨ¤
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    āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύ⧀āϞ āĻāύ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āύāĻž āĨ¤
    āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϐ āύ⧀āϞ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧁āϕ⧇
    āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϰāĻž āĻĄāĻžāύāĻž āĻŽā§‡āϞ⧇ āĻ‰ā§œā§‡ āĻŦā§‡ā§œāĻžā§Ÿ
    āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻĻ⧁ āĻšā§‹āĻ– āϏāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āϤāĻ–āύ
    āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ – āĻŽāϰāĻŖ
    āĻ“ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžāϰ āύ⧀āϞ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļ
    āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϐ āύ⧀āϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžā§Ÿ
    āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύ⧀āϞ āĻāύ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āύāĻž āĨ¤

    ———————–
    āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ
    āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϖ⧇āϰ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŋ⧟āĻž
    āĻ āϘāϰ āĻ›āĻžāϰāĻŋāύ⧁
    āϏ⧇āχ āϘāϰ⧇ āφāϜ āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇
    āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϜāύāĻž āĨ¤
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    āφāρāϚāϞ āĻĻāĻŋ⧟āĻž āϚāĻ•ā§āώ⧁ āĻŽā§āĻ›āĻŋ
    āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻ“
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    āĻšāĻžāϜāĻžāϰāĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻžāϞ
    āĻŦ⧁āύ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āĻŽ āĨ¤
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    āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻŦā§‡ā§œāĻžā§Ÿ āĨ¤
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    PDF Logo_2PDF Version [Published at SMC Magazine “āύ⧋āĻ™āĻ°â€ May 2014]

    ———————–

    Monjila Hossain28c
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  • PREFACE:

    Brief summary on current professional Ship Management market trend, future growth and challenges.
    Trend analysis of failures, mindset, achievement of Bangladesh private ship owning for long term sustainment.
    Bangladesh -the opportunity and potential of building professional ship management team to support ship Owning and related industry to sustain their steady and long term growth and achieve global market competitiveness.
    The article highlights only Private ship owning sector in Bangladesh.

    HISTORY OF GLOBAL  SHIPMANAGEMENT TEAM
    Started in the eighties when there was a profound change in the market as many shipping companies became bankrupt and mortgagor banks had to turn to ship managers for help. It continued in the nineties with a new type of investor in shipping with little knowledge of ships and more recently with the implementation of the ISM / ISPS/MLC, an over regulated industry.

    Shipping is a very volatile and complex market, while business cycles and speculative investments compound the industry’s volatility and complexity. A vessel owner’s goal is to improve overall performance, maximize profits and minimize costs at an acceptable level of risk. Developing and implementing effective investment and vessel employment strategies, adapting to technological advances, complying with policy and legislative changes. As market competition increases, factors such as the flexibility to react and the correct market timing become increasingly important. A robust ship management team and strategy is required to accomplish these complicated task. It requires detailed and continuous market analysis, collective experience to detect market trends and developments early on, and to incorporate them timely in the appropriate strategic decision- making.

    COMPETETIVE ADVANTAGE OF THE OWNERS TO STAY WITH BRAND SHIPMANAGEMENT TEAM:

    A comprehensive service to meet complex requirements of the ship-Owner.
    To limit the liabilities through third party management
    Difficult and expensive to keep a top functioning fully integrated team of employees.
    Market requirements (Vetting, chartering, vessel employment etc.

    THE GLOBAL SHIPMANAGEMENT MARKET AND SERVICES PROVIDED:
    o    Technical management
    o    Crewing
    o    Quality and Safety management.
    o    The other services offered – chartering /operation management, new building supervision, sale and purchase inspection, ship inspection, survey, audit, incident investigation.
    More than 1500 ship Management companies are in Global Market. The market size is 3-5 billion US dollars (fee and revenue) to the ship managers per year.

    Three types of ship management team currently operating in global market.
    o    Integrated in a large Owner operator like MSC, Maersk, NYK.
    o    Managing Own vessels, in house management team for small entities.
    o    Dedicated third party ship Management team as a brand name, Vships, Bernhard Schulte,Anglo eastern, Wallem  etc.  This type of ship management team carries significant tonnage.

    WHAT ARE THE LIABILITIES OF SHIP MANAGER?
    Limited liability – Under SHIPMAN 98, the manager is the agent of the owner and therefore his position is in principle protected by the owner. Under SHIPMAN 98, the liability of the Manager is limited unless he has acted with intent to cause the loss. The manager is not liable unless the loss is caused by his or his agent’s negligence. Even if the loss is caused by his or his agent’s negligence, he is able to limit his liability to ten times the annual management fee. The clause also includes a Himalaya provision granting the manager’s employees the same contractual protection from liability as provided to the manager. SHIPMAN 98 provides for the manager to get full insurance cover as a co-assured under the owner’s insurance policies.

    WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF SHIPMANAGEMENT TEAM?
    â€ĸ    Global competition
    â€ĸ    Cost pressure due to market situation.
    â€ĸ    Acute competent crew shortage.
    â€ĸ    Shortage of competent shore staffs.
    â€ĸ    Overregulated industry and compliance requirement.

    OPPORTUNITY BANGLADESH.
    A TREND ANALAYSIS OF FAILURES FOR LONGTIME SUSTAINMENT IN INDUSTRY BANGLADESH SHIPOWNING SINCE INDEPENDENCE.
    Proverb says, family Owned entity last three generation. Our family Owned shipping business even didn’t last more than one third (10-12 years) of an active generation.
    What are the reasons???

    Since independence, two types of private ship owning controlled Bangladesh shipping industry.  Few dedicated ship Owning established in early and late 70s like Bengal Liner ( Bengal Pride , Bengal tower etc)  Aquatic shipping ( MV Sezan, MV Tehsin etc), Atlas shipping line ( Al salma, Al Sawmruz, Al Sana,MV Safar etc). Bengal shipping line ( Al Tafsir, Al Rahman, Al Tabith, Al Reza, Al Sabrina   etc).  They have to work in new born nation with lack of infrastructure, banking facility and lack of competent workforce. Still they will be considered pioneer in history who give the new nation a taste of global commercial shipping.

    80’S were the difficult time for ship Owners in south east Asia due to BCC bank collapse. But ironically, Bangladesh ship-owners survived well. The reason was less bank dependency, diehard commercial workforce at low costs. Bangladesh private commercial banking sector was in a baby stage and   were not aware of investment in shipping.  Vessels were mostly engaged in imports which was directly connected to Bangladesh and Asia. Our scale of economy was so negligible that international wave of recession hardly affected us.

    In mid 80s, till early 90s,  some of our very brave Mariners came into the industry as ship Owner. I salute them. Perhaps they are first and last generation who represents seafarer as Ship Owner in Bangladesh ship owning history. They had no money, neither had they got any assistance from bank or public sector. Need to mention here that there was a window created at that time with fast growing demand of vessels in an under regulated industry. We saw the growth of a lot of ship Owners from ship chandlers/ bunker suppliers to ship owner in Fareast. Some of them become giants today. But our poor brave solders have been vanished from market or surviving on wheel chairs.

    90’s till 2008  – the golden era of container shipping. Some smart business giants from earlier shipping background entered in ship owning (QC and HRC). They had cash, banks, political muscle power, everything. Very soon they got the taste of success and became hungry for quick cash without building the core competency and team management. Neither government, nor private entities tried to build infrastructure, port facilities. No vision, no long term planning.  An example – four gantry cranes were installed in Chittagong MPP terminal at end of 2006 which was required 10 years back. The costs for this terminal modernization are pinots for private and public sectors. All the parties (Public and private sector) tried to stop the port modernizations for their respective financial and political gains.

    The recession cycle appeared as usually in 2008. There was a clear advance indication of collapse.  A 1700 tues vessel per day hire raised from USD 5000/ day to USD 17000/ day over three years. This was indeed unusual.  But our Bangladesh ship Owners and entire expertise were still sleeping and wake up in one fine day and found all vessels were lay- up near beautiful islands.

    There were some small range bulk carriers and general cargo owner had always survived in the market with the help of Bangladesh corrupted public banking sectors and through the pinhole of substandard shipping practice in a limited trading zone (Myanmar, Pakistan, India, Indonesia etc).  Neither had they contributed to economy, nor the shipping industry. Bangladesh flag often considered as” flag of convenience” due to their contribution.

    Looking forward in 2014, our current fleet (private) size is now approx. 65-67. This is considered a good number compare our economy of scale. Some cash rich market players are there. Shipping industry earns million and losses million too. So we need cash rich Owners. We welcome them in industry. But on the other flip side, we need to keep in mind that they came into the industry with their different requirement and risk assessment. Shipping is not their core business. They have own cargo, own ship breaking industry and vessels are very old. So when rainy days will come, they are capable enough to send their vessels with entire shipping industry to the graveyard overnight and wash their hand in Sitakunda, Chittagong.

    Therefore I am not very optimistic ( apology) with the current fleet size, neither I believe that we have built a competitive position in terms of ship management practice in Bangladesh yet.
    Shipping is a global platform. Like other industry, by large, we can’t blame country’s political instability, infrastructure, corruption etc. Let’s not talk about that, live with it and move forward and hope that someday, some miracle will happen and we will get our dream good governance. An example is our recent growth in new building. This is completely a private sector’s achievement against all the difficulties.

    So we can build professional ship management team. We have to start this process now. An in house management team is a short term development in local market. Without global expertise, experience, exposure, the sustainment in competitive global market is impossible.

    WHAT WE NEED TO BUILD A COMETETIVE SHIPMANAGEMENT TEAM?
    A fast internet service and a pool of sea and shore base expertise. That’s all. The location is imperative now.

    INTERNET ACCESS NETWORKING:
    In 2005, Bangladesh was connected with the first submarine cable. By the first quarter of 2016, second cable will be connected with an additional bandwidth of 1400 Gbps. Current bandwidth is around 200 gbps average download speed 270 kbps (33kb/s) which is not very far from our neighboring country India( 393 kbps). Although most of the ship management giants are already working in India. Fibre optic network up to client’s door, signal boosting  etc only factor of time now.

    SEA STAFF:
    In current market, Bangladesh seafarer is recommended in second place after Indians despite our restricted green passport access worldwide.  From very beginning, our intake volume and influx was too low. Here we did lack a vision. In 80’s, when we were restricting our manpower to spread over in global shipping industry with the question of standard, the Filipino flooded the global market without any recognition.  Nobody asking any question now about Filipino crew capability, competency due to their volume.  All the giants are heading towards Manila. Very soon Manila will direct entire crewing industry. Due to our conservativeness and bureaucracy, we lost the chance.

    SHORE BASE EXPERTISE:
    Looking at just Singapore maritime hub, at least Bangladesh Supdts /Managers are working and managing over five hundred ships efficiently.  Around ten times of our current fleet in Bangladesh.  If we get the right place to work and financial security in Bangladesh, I strongly believe, including me, fifty percent of us will back to origin without second thought.

    So we have seafarers, we have shore base expertise with global mindset.  We have world recognized training institution for officers and crew. We have second largest ship breaking industry. We have a growing ship building industry. And we are cheap, our location is cheap.

    So all that we need – to integrate all these factors and built our ship management team.

    A shipping industry is not all about building seafarer and shore base management.  So far last couple of decades, we had built only frontline soldiers. There are other core groups like Underwriters, Maritime lawyer, chartering broker, salvage operator, naval architect, designers financial institutions, arbitrator, offshore activities, logistics, chain management etc. To build this workforce, we need a Maritime University.  Although it is very late, current initiative for Maritime University is appreciated.

    Nevertheless, this is a mystery why we didn’t start this faculties in local recognized private and public universities earlier. To teach maritime law, chartering brokering, port operations, logistic management etc in under graduate and post graduate level, all that we need a class room in a university with recognition and expertise lecturers to teach. If local expertise not available, we can hire.

    Let’s look forward â€Ļ it is never late to startâ€Ļâ€Ļ..

    “Everything has been said, and we have come too late, now that men have been living and thinking for seven thousand years and more’  – Jean de La Bruyère

    PDF Logo_2PDF Version [Published at SMC Magazine “āύ⧋āĻ™āĻ°â€ May 2014]

    ——————————–

    Monzurul Mannan
    [Monzurul Mannan (24C): Joined Sea in 1990. Sailed in different local and foreign shipping companies. Joined HRC shipping, Bangladesh as technical superintendent in 2004. Completed Masters in Maritime science from Nanyang technological University in 2012. Currently working as senior technical superintendent in Bernhard Schulte ship Management since 2008. Living in Singapore since 2005 with wife and two children]

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    āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻšā§ŸāϤ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āĻ—ā§āϞāĻžāϏ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϤ⧇ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϤ⧇ ….āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ—āϤ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ.. –
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    āĻāχ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāϕ⧇āϰ āϕ⧁āϕ⧁āϰ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāϞ⧇ āφāĻĻāϰ āϝāĻ¤ā§āύ, āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āϤāĻžāĻŽ? āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻŦ⧜āχ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧟ āφāϰ āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ⧇ āĻ­āϰāĻž…………āĨ¤āĨ¤
    āĻ“āχ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĒāϰ āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞāĻžāĻŽ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŦāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻšā§ŸāϤ āĻĢāĻ•āĻŋāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϝāĻžāϤāĻžā§ŸāĻžāϤ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāĨ¤ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻž āϕ⧁āϕ⧁āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝ āĻŽāĻšāĻž āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧌⧜āĻžāĻĻ⧌⧜āĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇…………āĨ¤
    āĻāχ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āύ⧟āĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ—āύāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ“ āĻŦ⧜āχ āĻ…āĻĻā§āϭ⧁āϤāĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϧāύ⧀ āφāϰāĻ“ āϧāύ⧀ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻŦ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāϤ āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϤ āφāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇, āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻĻāĻžāρ⧜āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻšā§ŸāϤ āϕ⧁āϕ⧁āϰ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāϤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϝāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϕ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āφāϜāϕ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĢāĻ•āĻŋāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰāχ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ……………āĨ¤āĨ¤

    ā§ŠāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāϞ⧟āĻļāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ āĻā§ŸāĻžāϰāϞāĻžāχāĻ¨ā§āϏ āϤāĻžāϰ ā§¨ā§Šā§¯ āϜāύ āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āύāĻŋāĻ–ā§‹āρāϜ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāϰ ā§Ŧ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āĻĒāϰ āωāĻĒāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻā§ŸāĻžāϰāϞāĻžāχāĻ¨ā§āϏ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦā§‹ā§ŸāĻŋāĻ‚ ā§­ā§­ā§­ āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āχ āϰ⧁āĻŸā§‡āϰ (āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ āϚāĻŋāύ āϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡) āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϞ⧇āύ āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ…āĻĻā§āϭ⧁āϤ āĻ…āύ⧁āϭ⧁āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞāĨ¤ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻŦ⧜ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ āύāĻž āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“āĨ¤

    āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻļāϤāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāĻž āωāϞāϟāĻžā§Ÿ, ā§Ģ/ā§Ŧ āϟāĻž āĻŽāĻžāχāĻ•ā§āϰ⧋āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϟāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, ⧍/ā§Ē āĻ–āĻžāύāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻĒā§œā§‡ āφāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āϰ⧇āϞāĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋ āϞāĻžāχāύāĻšā§āϝ⧁āϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻāϏāĻŦ⧇ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ?

    āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ›āĻŋ āύāĻž, āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻā§ŸāĻžāϰāϞāĻžāχāĻ¨ā§āϏ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻĒā§āϞ⧇āύ āϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§œā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏāĻŋ āĻ•ā§ŸāϜāύ āφāϛ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āχ āĻā§ŸāĻžāϰāϞāĻžāχāĻ¨ā§āϏ⧇ āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇?

    āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ“āϰāĻž āĻāĻ–āύ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĨ¤ āφāϰ āϞ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻāĻ­āĻžāϰ⧇āϜ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāύāϞāĻžāχāύ āĻŦāĻž āϏ⧋āĻšāĻžāĻ— āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāϞ āĻšā§ŸāϤ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§ā§œā§‡ āύāĻžāĨ¤
    āφāϰ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§ā§œā§‡āχ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχāϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻžāχ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻžāϏ

    (āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻŦ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž, āφāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžāĻš āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁ āϝāĻ–āύ āϝ⧇āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āϏ⧇āϟāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϛ⧇? āφāϰ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋, āĻāϟāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇)āĨ¤

    ā§ĒāĨ¤
    – āĻŽāĻžāϞ⧟āĻļāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ āĻā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ‰ā§œāϛ⧇ ā§Šā§¯ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻĢ⧁āϟ āωāρāϚ⧁ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĨ¤ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇ āĻĄāĻŋāύāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤāĨ¤ āĻšāϟāĻžā§Ž āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻž āύ⧋āϟāĻŋāĻļ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻāĻžāρāϕ⧁āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāχāϞāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŸā§‡āύāĻļāύ āĻ­āϰāĻž āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŖāĻž – ” āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āϤāĻžā§œāĻžāϤāĻžā§œāĻŋ āϏāĻŋāĻŸā§‡ āĻāϏ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻ˛ā§āϟ āĻŦ⧇āρāϧ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĻĒ⧜⧁āύ”āĨ¤ āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ– āφāϰ āĻĄāĻŋāύāĻžāϰ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻ‰ā§œā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞ⧋āĨ¤ āĻĻā§‹ā§ŸāĻž-āĻĻāϰ⧁āĻĻ āφāϰ āĻĢā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϏ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāϟ āĻ–āĻžāĻŽāĻšā§‡ āϧāϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦāĻŋ⧜āĻŦāĻŋ⧜ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āĻļ⧁āύāϞāĻžāĻŽ – ‘ āĻ­āĻžāχ, āϏāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰāĻ“ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĻ⧁āσāϖ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϞ⧟āĻļāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ āĻā§ŸāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟ āĻ•āĻŋāύāϤ⧇ āϗ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ!! “āĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻžāρāϕ⧁āύāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ•āϞ⧇āĻŽāĻž āĻĒā§œā§‡ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋ, āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āĻ…āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞ⧋………āĨ¤āĨ¤ āϏāĻŦāχ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋ āĻ…āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤Â  āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āφāϏāϞ⧇āχ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ? āĻāϟāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ•, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϗ⧁āĻ›āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ āϝāĻžāχ, āϝ⧇ āĻāϟāĻžāχ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž……… āϕ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇……āĨ¤āĨ¤ āĻā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻžāρāϕ⧁āύāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļ⧇āώāĻŽā§‡āώ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāϞ …………āĨ¤āĨ¤

    āĻāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϞ⧇āύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ ā§§ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āϞ⧇āϟāĨ¤ āϏāĻžā§œā§‡ ā§§ā§§ āϟāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž, āύ⧇āĻŽā§‡āϛ⧇ ⧧⧍ āϟāĻž ⧍ā§Ļ āĻāĨ¤ āφāϰ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§€āύ āĻĢā§‹āύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧌āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇ ā§Š āĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžā§Ÿ, āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻāĻ• āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āϕ⧋āύ āĻ–āĻŦāϰ āύāĻž āĻĒā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞ⧋āĨ¤ āϕ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϞ⧇āύ⧇ āωāĻ āϤ⧇??

    āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻĒā§āϞ⧇āύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϤāϰāύāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁ āφāϰ āĻļ⧁āĻ­āĻžāύ⧁āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§‹ā§ŸāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϘāϰ⧇āϰ āϛ⧇āϞ⧇āϰ āϘāϰ⧇ āĻĢāĻŋāϰāĻžāĨ¤ āϧāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχāϕ⧇………āĨ¤āĨ¤

    ā§ĢāĨ¤ HAPPINESS IS –
    āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻŸā§‡āϞāĻžāχāϟ āĻĢā§‹āύ⧇ āϛ⧋āĻŸā§āϟ āĻŽā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϟāĻž āϝāĻ–āύ āϜāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžā§‡āϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇,
    “āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϕ⧇āĻŽāύ āφāĻ›? āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āĻĢāĻŋāϰāĻŦ⧇? āϤāĻžā§œāĻžāϤāĻžā§œāĻŋ āϚāϞ⧇ āφāϏ⧋āĨ¤”
    āĻŽāύāϟāĻž āϤāĻ–āύ āφāϞ⧋āϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻ“ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒ⧌āρāϛ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ………āĻ“āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇,
    āϛ⧁āĻā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϏāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžā§Ÿ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϛ⧋āĻŸā§āϟ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϟ⧁āϕ⧁āϕ⧇, āϝ⧇āϟāĻž āϘāϰ⧇ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇……………āĨ¤āĨ¤

    ā§ŦāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāώāσ
    āϏāĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻĒ⧁āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻĢāĻž āĻļāĻĒāĻŋāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāϟāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻšāϟāĻžāϤ āĻāĻ• āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻžāύ⧋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāϜāύ⧇āϏ āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻĒ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻžāĻš āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇āĻ• āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϰ⧇āĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻšāĻžāωāϜ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āĻ“āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇āχ āωāϠ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšā§ŸāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻĢāĻŋ āĻļāĻĒ⧇ āĻŦāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

    āϕ⧋āϞāĻžāϕ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϜāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžā§‡āϏ āĻ•āϰāϞāĻžāĻŽ, āφāϰ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ–āĻŦāϰ?
    – āĻāχ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āϞāĻžāϜ⧁āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϞ, āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ• āĻŽāĻžāϏ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āϰāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĨ¤
    – āĻšā§āĻŽ, āϞ⧇āϟ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϰ⧇āϜāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻ“ āĻāϤ āϞāĻžāϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϏ āϕ⧇āύ? āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇?
    – āĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡, āĻ…āύāĻžāĻ°ā§āϏ āĻĒā§œā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦ⧟āϏ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāϟāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤
    – āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϏāϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āϏāĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻĒ⧁āϰ āϘ⧁āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤāĨ¤
    – āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāϏ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ, āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āωāĻ āĻŦā§‹ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ āĻļāĻŋāωāϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰ………āĨ¤
    – āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āϕ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻžāϟāϛ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāύāĻ•āĻžāϞ? āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϰāĻ•āĻŽ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž……āĨ¤āĨ¤
    – āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϟāĻŋāĻĒāϏ āĻĻ⧇ āϤ⧋āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŦ⧟āϏāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϞāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒ⧜āϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϏ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āύāĻž, āĻ“āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϏāĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻĒ⧁āϰ āύāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϏāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŽāύāĻŋāϤ⧇āχ āĻŽāύ āĻ•āώāĻžāĻ•āώāĻŋ, āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇……āĨ¤ āφāϗ⧇āχ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ!!
    – āĻāĻ•āϜāύ⧇āϰ āϟāĻŋāĻĒāϏ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāϖ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āφāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇ āφāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϏāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇!!
    – āϤ⧋āϰ āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāϞ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ……āĨ¤āĨ¤

    āĻĒāϰāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻŽā§‹āĻŦāĻžāχāϞ⧇ āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻĢā§‹āύāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āϞ⧋āϕ⧇āĻļāύ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāĨ¤ āĻšā§‹āĻ– āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ āϞāĻžāϞ, āϚ⧁āϞ āωāϏāϕ⧋āϖ⧁āϏāϕ⧋āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāϰāĻžāϤ āϘ⧁āĻŽāĻžā§ŸāύāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāχ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤
    – āĻ•āĻŋāϰ⧇ āĻšāϟāĻžāϤ, āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋ āϤāϞāĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ—ā§œāĻž?
    – āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϞāĻŋ? āϝāĻžāĻ•āϗ⧇, āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻ—ā§œāĻž āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻĒ⧁āϰ⧇ āύāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϏāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϝ⧇ āĻāϤāϟāĻž āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋ āύāĻžāχāĨ¤ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻŋāχ āĻŦāĻŋāώ āĻ–āĻžāχ………

    āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻšāĻžāϞāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞāĻžāĻŽ,
    – āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧇ āĻ­āϰāϏāĻž āύāĻžāχāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĢāϰāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāύ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻžāύ⧋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āϖ⧇āϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻ–āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĻ–āĻž āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϤ⧇āϞāĻžāĻĒā§‹āĻ•āĻž, āχāĻĻ⧁āϰ āĻŽāϰ⧇ āύāĻž āφāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ………āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāϞ āύāĻž āĻ āĻžāĻŸā§āϟāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
    – āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāϰāĻ›āĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžā§Ÿ, āφāϰ āϤ⧋āϰ āĻāχāϏāĻŦ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϞāĻžāĻ—āϛ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
    āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āϤāϰāĨ¤ āφāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āϤ⧋āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇?
    – āĻāχ āύāĻžāύāĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϜāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžā§‡āϏ āĻ•āϰāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻŋ āφāύāĻŦ āϏāĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻĒ⧁āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇? ⧍/ā§Š āϟāĻž āφāχāĻŸā§‡āĻŽ āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāϞāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāϞāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻ• āĻŦā§‹āϤāϞ āĻĒ⧟āϜāύ āĻ“ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāϏāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋ āĻļ⧁āύ⧇āχ āĻĢā§‹āύ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āφāϰ āϘ⧁āĻŽ āφāϏ⧇!!

    āĻŦāϞāϞāĻžāĻŽ, āϚāϞ āϤ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώ āĻ•āĻŋāύ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āχāĨ¤ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
    āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢāĻŋāωāĻŽ āϏ⧇āĻ•āĻļāύ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ 100 ml āĻāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻļāĻŋ ‘POISON’ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢāĻŋāωāĻŽāĨ¤
    āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁ āϤ⧋ āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻžāχ āĻšāϤāĻ­āĻŽā§āĻŦ, āĻļāĻžāϞāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢāĻŋāωāĻŽā§‡āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻ“ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧟āϜāύ āĻšā§Ÿ!!

    āϚāϞ āϤ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞāĻžāĻŽ, āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϟ āĻĻ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϕ⧋āύ āϰ⧇āĻ¸ā§āϟ⧁āϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡!!

    ā§­āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŦ⧁ āύ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀āσ
    āĻŽā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĢāĻŋāϰāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϰ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϞ,
    – āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏ āϟāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻŽā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āωāύāĻžāϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϖ⧁āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤ āφāϰ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻ“ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāύ āĻāϟāĻž āĻ“āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĨ¤
    āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āϚāĻŽāϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāϞāϞāĻžāĻŽ,
    –  āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āύāĻžāϗ⧁āύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϟāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāύ⧇? āĻāχ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āϕ⧋āϕ⧋ āϚāĻ•āϞ⧇āϟ āĻ–ā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ āĻŽāĻžāϜāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϞ⧇, āĻŦāϞ āϟāĻžāχāĻ—āĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϰ⧁āĻŽ āĻ…āĻ—ā§‹āĻ›āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹ (āĻāχ āϗ⧁āύ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž 😛 ), āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϤ āϖ⧇āϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻ“ ( Unfortunately āĻāχ āϗ⧁āĻŖāϟāĻžāĻ“ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϖ⧇āϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ …… 😛 ) ………āĨ¤āĨ¤Â  āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāϤ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ?
    – āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχāϕ⧇ āϚ⧁āĻĒ āĻ•āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŋ āϤ⧋, āĻĒ⧜āĻžāĻļ⧁āύāĻžāϏāĻš āϏāĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡……āĨ¤āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏ⧇ ā§­ā§Ģ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āϛ⧇āϞ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϭ⧟ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ !!
    –  āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϟāĻžāχāϟ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“? āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āφāϗ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻž?
    –  āϧ⧁āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻĒāĻž, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋ ⧝ āĻŽāĻžāϏ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āύāĨ¤ ā§§ āĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞāĻžā§Ÿ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧋āϞ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ āϤ⧋ āϤāĻžāχ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻĻāϞāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϛ⧇āϞ⧇ ā§§ āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϏ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ“āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ—āĻžāϧāĻž āϟāĻžāχāĻĒ……āĨ¤āĨ¤
    āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§ŒāϤ⧂āĻšāϞ⧀ āĻšāϞāĻžāĻŽ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϟāĻžāχāϟ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“?
    – āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻšā§‡āρāϚāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϚāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧋āϞ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻāύāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋ āϞāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ–āĻžāϤāĻž āĻ•āϞāĻŽ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāϏāĻŋāĨ¤
    – āĻ–āĻžāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϤ⧋ āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āϞ⧇āϖ⧇!!
    – āĻšā§āĻŽ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāϏāϞ⧇ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĻ⧁āĻˇā§āϟ⧁ āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āϜ āĻ•āϞāĻŽ āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻšāĻŋ……āĨ¤āĨ¤
    āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āĻœā§‡āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ•āϞāĻŽ āĻŦ⧁āϞāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ!!
    – āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰāĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇?
    – āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏ āϟāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āύāϰāĻŽāĨ¤ āωāύāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧇ āφāϏāĻŋ, āϝ⧇ ⧍/ā§Š āϜāύ āϟāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ•ā§œāĻž āφāϰ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸā§‡ āĻĻ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇, āĻ…āĻĻāϞ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ“āĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāϞāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āĻˇā§āϟ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϜāĻŽāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϰ⧇āϜāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϟ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āĨ¤ ⧍/ā§§ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇ āϤ⧋ āφāϗ⧇, āϏāĻŦ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŽ āϚ⧁āĻĒ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

    ā§ŽāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ–āĻžāϰāĻŋāσ
    āĻ•āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϰāĻžāϜāĻ•ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϕ⧇āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧁āϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻ—āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ, āφāϞāĻŋāĻļāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞ⧋ āφāϰ āĻĨāϰ⧇ āĻĨāϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāϜāĻžāύ⧋ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŽāĻĄā§‡āϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋāĨ¤ āωāύāĻžāϰ ā§Ē āϛ⧇āϞ⧇, āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀, āφāϰ ā§§ āĻŽā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ ā§Ŧ āϟāĻž āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋ, āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ ā§Š āϟāĻž āϏāĻš āĻŽā§‹āϟ ā§§ā§§ āϟāĻž āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ ā§§ā§Ļ/ā§§ā§§ āϟāĻž āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽāϏāĻš āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇āχ āφāĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āϞ āĻĢ⧁āϞ⧇ āĻ•āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ› āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻĻāϞ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡āύāĻžāϜāĻžāύāĻž, āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨāϘāĻžāϟ āϏāĻŦ āύāĻ–āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒāϪ⧇āĨ¤ āϏ⧇āĻĻāĻŋāύ –
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āψāĻ°ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻ•āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ……………
    āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϜāĻžāύāϞāĻžāĻŽ, āωāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ‹āĻŖāϖ⧇āϞāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻ‹āϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§‹āϧ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āύ⧇āχāĨ¤ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ ⧍/ā§Š āϟāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϚāϞāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āχ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āϜāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āχ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻĻ⧌⧜āĻžāĻĻ⧌⧜āĻŋ āϚāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ‹āϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāσ āϤāĻĢāϏāĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻŽāĻšāϞ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āϰāχ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽā§‡āĻšāύāϤāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϜāĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž āύāĻžāύāĻž āϝ⧋āĻ—āϏāĻžāϜāĻļ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āφāϰ āĻĢ⧇āϰāϤ āĻĻ⧇āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχ āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻžāϏ āφāϰ āĻ­ā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ“āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻž āϜāĻ—āϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ, āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āωāύāĻžāϰāĻžāχ āφāϏāϞ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧜ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ–āĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύ⧇āχ, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻ⧁āϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻĢāĻŋāϟāĻĢāĻžāϟ, āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ āϏāĻĻāϰāϘāĻžāϟ………āĨ¤āĨ¤
    āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ“āχ āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžāϰ āφāĻļāĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇ āφāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϚ⧁āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇ āĻĒā§œā§‡āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāϞāĻŋāĻĒāύāĻž āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇ āĻĒā§œā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰāχ –
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻ•āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ……………āĨ¤āĨ¤
    PDF Logo_2PDF Version [Published at SMC Magazine “āύ⧋āĻ™āĻ°â€ May 2014]
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    Atiqul Azam Khan27

    āφāϤāĻŋāϕ⧁āϞ āφāϜāĻŽ āĻ–āĻžāύ (⧍⧭) āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāύāĻžāϰāĨ¤ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ/āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏāσ āϚāĻŸā§āϟāĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϞ⧇āĻ–āĻŋ – āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĻāĻŋāύ, āĻĻ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āφāϜāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ, āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ—āĻžāϜāĻŋāύ, āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύāĨ¤

  • Introduction
    Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are flashes of gamma rays associated with extremely energetic explosions that have been observed in distant galaxies. They are the brightest electromagnetic events known to occur in the universe and these bursts can last from ten milliseconds to several minutes. Most observed GRBs are believed to consist of a narrow beam of intense radiation released during a supernova as a rapidly rotating, high-mass star collapses to form a neutron star, quark star, or the most well-known black hole.

    They are extremely energetic for a typical burst releases as much energy in a few seconds as the Sun will in its entire 10 billion year lifetime. All observed GRBs have originated from outside the Milky Way galaxy, although a related class of phenomena and it been hypothesized that a gamma-ray burst within the Milky Way which is pointing directly towards the Earth, could cause a mass extinction event, making the study of gamma rays all the more crucial. The GRBs were first detected in 1967 by the Vela satellites, a series of satellites designed to detect covert nuclear weapons tests.
    Gamma Ray_Farhan

    Background Physics of GRBs
    Astronomers now understand what GRBs are after 3 decades of its discovery, and also theorise on gamma ray bursts are and how the various spikes in gamma ray emissions have been attributed to gamma ray bursts. The only known way to generate high intensities of GRBs is through gravitational collapsing, and the formation of black holes can be very efficient at turning this energy into such intense power and almost all astronomers now agree that long duration GRBs coincide with hypernovae, which are powerful supernovae that occur when a massive star collapses to a black hole. Furthermore, almost all GRBs happen in galaxies containing large numbers of very massive stars.

    Background Information of Research Papers
    Hundreds of theoretical models were proposed to explain these bursts in the years following this discovery, such as interstellar collisions. Little information was available to verify these models until the 1997 when the detection of the first X-ray and optical afterglows occurred which led to the distances and energy outputs to be discovered, the very first time for the GRB to be pinpointed so quickly and accurately. These discoveries, and subsequent studies of the galaxies and supernovae associated with the bursts, clarified the distance and luminosity of GRBs. These facts definitively placed them in distant galaxies and also connected long GRBs with the explosion of massive stars, the only possible source for such a large energy output.

    In the last Galactic year (Gy), two mass extinction events occurred, the Permian-Triassic extinction event and the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. A.L. Melott et al. believe that these were likely due to GRBs within the Milky Way galaxy. GRBs produce significant atmospheric ionization and dissociation of Nitrogen gas, resulting in ozone depletion and thus allowing DNA damaging ultraviolet solar flux to reach the surface of Earth for up to 10 years. Visible opacity of NO2 is sufficient to reduce solar energy at the surface by a few percent, with the greatest effect at the poles and this may be sufficient to initiate glaciation. They use a computational model, inputting various parameters, such as altitude and latitude, and observe various outcomes to understand the effects a GRB within our galaxy have on Earth.

    GRBs produce a flux of radiation detectable across the observable Universe. A GRB within our own galaxy could do considerable damage to the Earth’s biosphere. Earth has experienced mass extinctions at least five times in the existence of life itself, each time eliminating a large percentage of its biota. Many possible causes have been documented, GRB being one of them. The late Ordovician mass extinction approximately 440 million years ago has many indefinite causes, GRB being one of them. Furthermore, intense rapid cooling and glaciation occurred at the end of that period, identified as the probable cause of the mass extinction. However, a GRB has the ability to trigger global cooling which occurred then. A.L. Melott et al. try to find out if a GRB within our galaxy had initiated this mass extinction.

    Brian C. Thomas et al. used a two-dimensional atmospheric model to perform the īŦrst computation of the eīŦ€ects upon the Earth’s atmosphere of one such impulsive event. All simulations began with initial conditions obtained from a long-term run such as 40 years in the intention to bring the model to equilibrium for analysis. They, with the aid of simulations, tried to find how much ozone would depleted if a GRB within the Milky Way galaxy were to occur. If a significant amount of ozone is depleted, then widespread extinctions are likely, based on extrapolation from Ultraviolet B sensitivity of modern organisms which sides with the hypothesis that a GRB may have initiated the late Ordovician mass extinction.

    Douglas Galante and Jorge Ernesto Horvath presented the effects that could be caused on Earth by a GRB through analytical and numerical calculations, considering atmospheric and biological implications. Here GRBs are classified into four distinct categories and analysed separately. Direct Îŗ Flash, UV Flash, Ozone Layer Depletion and Cosmic Rays are the 4 types of GRBs. The effectiveness of each of these effects is compared and distances for significant biological damage are given for each one.

    High energy cosmic ray jets from nearby mergers or accretion induced collapse (AIC) of neutron stars (NS) that hit the atmosphere can produce lethal fluxes of atmospheric moons in all places of Earth, destroying the ozone layer and causing the environment to become radioactive. They could have caused most of the massive life extinctions on planet Earth in the past 600 million years and biological mutations due to ionizing radiations could explain the fast appearance of new species after the massive extinctions. Arnon Dar et al. correlate neutron star (NS) merger with GRBs. The paper is upon Cosmic Jet Rays, which come from GRBs. They carry out research to find the rate of mass extinction on Earth when binary NS merger occurs and GRB occurs in our galaxy, and also finding the distance from which GRBs are not lethal to the Earth’s biota.

    Findings of Research Papers
    NO2, a brown gas, has the ability to block considerable blue and near-UV light rays. Also, major ionizing events might easily generate enough opacity to cool the climate, allowing the possibility of glaciation to occur. Due to the increased transmission of UVB, O3 depletion occurs and this gives way to some increased heating. Also the energy absorbed by the NO2, which is only generated in significant amounts within the stratosphere, will be re-radiated as infrared rays, partially reaching the ground. Thus climate change may be possible for several years such as reduction in sunlight reaching the surface of Earth resulting in reducing the melting of ice.

    It is believed that the likelihood of GRB contributing to the Ordovician mass extinction is high. A 10s average GRB can easily strip 50% of the ozone almost instantaneously, causing all the organisms dwelling on earth at that time to be exposed to UV radiation. Furthermore, GRB has the ability to cause glaciation to occur and this results in dramatic climate changes, destroying various habitats and killing organisms. Also due to the exposure of radiation, the food chain gets poisoned which will further cause inclination in death. This displays the fact that indeed GRB ties in well as the culprit of the Ordovician mass extinction.

    When a large input of gamma rays into the atmosphere occurs, NOy compounds (most importantly NO and NO2) are created through dissociation of N2 in the stratosphere which then reacts quickly with O2 to generate NO. Subsequent reactions create NO2 and other compounds. Together, these react catalytically to deplete O3 through the cycle below.
    NO + O3 → NO2 + O2 (1)
    NO2 + O → NO + O2 (2)

    Averaged ozone depletion of Earth reaches about 35% and a peak depletion of about 55% immediately after the burst. SigniīŦcant global depletion, which is taken as 10% O3 depletion or more, lasts for over 5 years after the burst.

    1 parsec is equivalent to 3.26 light years, and among the 4 different variants of GRBs, UV flash is the strongest, having the ability to give a lethal dose from 150 kiloparsecs. But to do this feat, it is taken into account that organism is present on uncovered land or within shallow waters and this may cause significant devastation if sufficient planktonic organisms are killed. Direct Îŗ Flash does not display much biological importance, due to the fact that the bulk of its energy will be absorbed by a thick atmosphere and Earth’s atmosphere is thick, thus the only change occurring is that  the temperature will increase by a few degrees Celsius. Ozone Layer Depletion is the most obvious global and long lasting effect for it can affect life for many years, probably making the surface of the planet an environment not appropriate for its overall biota. Also it has an effective distance of up to 12 kiloparsecs. Lastly is Cosmic Jets. They continue to stand as an issue of dispute, due to the fact that they are ineffective unless in the range of a few parsecs hence cause minimal to no damage. However the non-lethal doses of radiation from Cosmic Jets can spike up the rate of mutation in biota on Earth.

    Beyond 1 kiloparsec, the explosion from the galactic magnetic field begins to disperse and thus suppression in its lethality occurs. Such GRBs, if not too far, can still cause partial extinctions at a higher rate and induce biological mutations which may lead to the appearance of new species. The galactic rate of SN explosions is 100/year. The rate of SN explosions within a distance of 10 pc from Earth is 10−10/year, it is likely that it was responsible for some extinctions in past Galactic year.

    Discussion
    A.L. Melott et al. concluded that on top of the significant ozone depletion lasting for several years, a gamma ray burst within our galaxy at a reasonable distance would generate significant opacity due to NO2 in the atmosphere. The intensity of such effects depend upon the distance of the burst, as well as the latitude. They are, however, of an interesting magnitude for cooling climate which can be further worked upon.

    A.L. Melott et al. states that radiation from a GRB ionizes and dissociates molecules in the atmosphere, with a burst of UV radiation reaching the ground. This triggers depletion of the ozone layer leading to greatly increased solar UV reaching the surface, and also causing other affronts to life including acid rain possibly followed by global cooling. Given estimated GRB rates, it is probable that at least one significant event occurred in the last billion years on planet Earth. They presented a credible working hypothesis that a GRB could have contributed to the late Ordovician extinction. The GRB first subjected the Earth’s biota to elevated levels of UV radiation, partially due to the initial burst but followed by depleting the ozone layer, and then by rapid global cooling which was followed by rapid global warming. Association of GRB with the Ordovician mass extinction is possible but clearly additional tests are required. Additional atmospheric chemistry modeling is needed to pin down the radiation fluency. Given the uncertainty in the evolution of the GRB rate, it is possible that they were involved in other mass extinctions.

    About 90% of UVB is presently absorbed by atmospheric ozone. Due to the sensitivity of DNA to this radiation, increases of only 10-30% can have lethal effects on many organisms, especially phytoplankton, the base of the food chain. Ozone depletions in the range of 50% lead to roughly three times more UVB at the surface, which is clearly a possible candidate for causing mass extinctions. However, few would survive to the present from the late Ordovician mass extinction, which occurred 443 million years ago. The Ordovician extinction is associated with a brief glaciation in the middle of a period of stable warm climate. It is speculated that there may have been a significant perturbation by the opacity of NO2, which would cut off a few percent (ranging up to 35% for a month or so during polar fall) of solar radiation. This would occur primarily at high latitudes. The removal of O3 (a greenhouse gas) also may cause some cooling, but this effect should be negligible compared to that due to the increase in NO2.

    As in the case of GRBs, they found that the most effective mechanism is UV Flash, because it is able to displace a lethal effect at the greatest distance among the 4 types of GRBs. However, this type of occurrence should happen very close to Earth for catastrophic effects to happen, so close that in fact the researchers do not expect to occur in the history of the planet.

    GRBs from neutron star mergers may have caused the massive continental and marine life extinctions which interrupted the diversification of life on our planet several times. They explain the complicated biological and geographical extinction patterns as well as the biological mutations induced by the ionizing radiations which are produced by the GRBs, explaining the appearance of completely new species after extinctions. Isotopic anomaly signatures of GRB extinctions may be present in the geological layers which recorded the extinctions in the Earth’s layers. If nearby neutron star mergers are responsible for mass extinctions, then an early warning of future extinctions due to neutron star mergers can be obtained through the means of identifying, mapping and timing all the nearby binary neutron stars systems, thus giving time for preparation if possible.

    As it can be seen from the above research papers, GRB is indeed a phenomenal discovery of astronomers and its power is so immense that it can wipe out our atmosphere with ease. It can be seen that through GRB it is possible several cases of mass extinction has occurred on Earth and a series of events followed which resulted in dramatic changes to Earth and cause the organisms who survived to adapt to the adverse living condition, survival of the fittest against the conditions such as radiation, UVB, poisoning of the food chain etc.

    Future Study
    It is essential to carry out studies in the field of GRBs due to the fact that it could potentially harm our home planet at any given point of time. The fact that GRBs carry such a huge amount of energy which could easily destroy us could be used to our advantage, harvesting its energy when technology permits in the near future hopefully for the fossil fuel reserves are running out and they have the ability to project as much energy as the Sun every will in its entire lifespan in just 10 seconds, far exceeding the bounds of solar power. Furthermore, by learning more about these effects the GRB can cause such as glaciation, it could allow further experimentation and come up with a means to solve the global warming problem by initiating a Ice Age ourselves to cool down the planet and all ice to be restored. This will benefit humanity, allowing us to inhabit this planet by using a cleaner means of energy and not further destroy our atmosphere and ensure our environment is at its prime.

    PDF Logo_2PDF Version [Published at SMC Magazine “āύ⧋āĻ™āĻ°â€ May 2014]

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    Farhan Ishrak

    Farhan Ishraq is a student of Secondary 4. He is from NUS High School of Math & Science. He is son of MA Baten (18)

  • āĻšā§‡āĻŽāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžā§Ÿ “Love is the reciprocity of heart”; āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž “āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžâ€āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž āύ⧇āχ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻž? āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚ⧟ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦā§€āϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽ āϕ⧇ āĻšā§‡āĻŽāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻļāĻžāχ āĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤

    āĻšā§ˆāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇ āϰāĻŦā§€āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨ āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, “āφāĻŽāĻŋ āχāĻšāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāχāϞāĻžāĻŽâ€, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāϤ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡ āĻšā§ˆāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧀ āϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋāύāĻž? āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύāχ āĻĒāĻžāχāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āχ āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻŽāϰāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāχ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦ, āφāϰ āϤāĻ–āύāχ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ āϚāĻžā§āϚāϞ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ āĻ‰ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ¸ā§„ā§ŸāĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤

    āφāϏāϞ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻāϤ āϏāĻšāϜ āύ⧟, āφāĻĻāϤ⧇āχ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋ āύāĻž āϏ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻš āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻšāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āϏāĻžāϰ āϤāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĻļāĻžāύ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāύ āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϝ⧁āĻ—āϞ āϝ⧇ āύāĻŋāϰāĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϤāϰ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϛ⧇āύ āĻāĻŽāύ āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ŸāĻ•āϰ āϤ⧋ āĻŦāĻŸā§‡āχ! āϤāĻžāχ “āφāĻŽāĻŋ āχāĻšāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāχāϞāĻžāĻŽâ€ āĻ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋ āύ⧟āĨ¤

    āĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āĻ“ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻšāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ⧟ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϟāĻŋāϰ āϛ⧋āρ⧟āĻžāĨ¤ āϏāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āϜāĻžāϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŦ⧟āĻ¸ā§āĻ• āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡āχ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāχ āφāϕ⧁āϤāĻŋāĨ¤

    āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāϭ⧇āĻĻ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϏāĻŦ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧜ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž āϕ⧋āύāϟāĻŋ? āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧜āϏ⧜ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ• āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āĻŦāϞāϛ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžā§Ÿ āϝāϤ⧋ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡ āĻšāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āϞ⧋āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύ, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύāĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϰ āύāϜāĻŋāϰ āύ⧇āχāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϤ⧋ ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻļ āϞāĻžāĻ– āϞ⧋āĻ• āĻšāĻžāρāϏāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ• āϞāĻžāĻ–āĨ¤ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž āĻŦ⧜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦā§€āϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽ, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦ⧜āĨ¤
    “—-āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ, āĻĻāĻŋāĻ—āĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧃āϤ āφāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽā§Ÿā§āϰāĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻ• āĻŽāĻŽāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ­āϰāĻž āĻĸ⧇āĻ‰ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĨ¤ āĻĸ⧇āω āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻĸ⧇āω, āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āφāϰ āĻ“ āĻĸ⧇āωāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĢ⧇āύāĻž, āĻĄā§āĻŦ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻĒāĻžāρāĻĨāϰ⧇ āφāĻ›ā§œā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻž, āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āφāĻļā§āϚāĻ°ā§āϝ āύ⧀āϞ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“āĨ¤ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāχ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻĻāĻžāϰ⧁āύ āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻŽā§‡āϞ⧇ āύ⧋āύāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻ­āϰāĻž āĻĻ⧁āϰāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āφāϰ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ- āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻ‰ā§œā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϛ⧋āϟ āύāϰāĻŽ āϏāĻžāĻĻāĻž āϏāĻŋ-āĻ—āĻžāϞ āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ āϕ⧇ āĻ­āρ⧟ āĻĒāĻžāχ, āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāχ āĻ“ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϛ⧋āĻŸā§‹ āĻ…āĻĨāϚ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇ āϛ⧋āρ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻ› āĻĒāĻžāχ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāχāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžā§œā§‡āϰ āϗ⧁āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ¨ā§€ā§œā§‡ āĻĢāĻŋāϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ; āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§œā§‡ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϜāϞ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋ āĻĄāĻžāύāĻž āϭ⧇āĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŋ-āĻ—āĻžāϞ āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤāχāĨ¤—-“

    āϤāĻžāχ āωāĻˇā§āĻŽ āĻšāĻ•, āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻļā§€āϤāϞ, āĻŽāĻžāϤāĻžāϞ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāχ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ- āĻ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāχ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϕ⧁āϤāĻŋ, āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϕ⧇āχ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϘ⧃āĻŖāĻž-āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āχ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡āχ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϛ⧋āρ āĻŽā§‡āϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻāϏ⧇āχ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇ āĻ‰ā§œā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇, āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻāχ āĻ…āϤāϞ āϏ⧁āύ⧀āϞ āϤāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āϕ⧇āχ āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āχ āĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻšā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āύ⧋āύāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻšā§ āĻšā§ āĻšāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϛ⧇āĻā§œā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āϜāĻžāύāĻž āĻ—āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇, āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ­āĻžāϰ⧀ āϭ⧟ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇, āϝ⧇ āĻāχ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āώ- āφāϰ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻĢ⧇āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇āύāĻžāĨ¤

    āĻāĻ–āύ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āϏ⧇āχ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϕ⧇āύ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϖ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ—āĻžāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻž, āϕ⧇āύ āϝāĻž āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϚāĻžāχāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻž, āϝāĻž āϚāĻžāχāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϕ⧇āύ āϛ⧁āĻā§œā§‡ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻž? āϕ⧇āύ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϰ⧋āώāĻžāύāϞ⧇ āĻŽā§‹āĻšā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡ āĻāχ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ- āĻāχ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻžāχ āϰāĻšāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āĻ“ āĻŦā§€āĻ­ā§ŽāϏ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϕ⧇ āĻĢā§āϰ⧀ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāχāϞ āϏāĻžāρāϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻž? āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ•āĻŋāϏ⧇āϰ āϭ⧟, āĻ•āĻŋāϏ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ•āϚ, āĻ•āĻŋāϏ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϕ⧋āύ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āϝāĻž āĻĒ⧁āĻŖā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϞ⧋āϭ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϕ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻžāĻŽ?
    āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ• āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŦāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχāϕ⧇! āϤāĻžāχ āύ⧟ āĻ•āĻŋ? āĻāϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇āĻ“ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻĨ⧇āĻŽā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āύāĻž, āĻāĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ—āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇āĨ¤

    “—āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ, āϏ⧇āχ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āĻĸāĻžāĻ• āĻĸā§‹āϞ āĻĒ⧇āϟāĻžāύ⧋ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžāϰāχ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϕ⧇ āωāĻœā§āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āφāϏāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ, āϕ⧋āύ āϟāĻž āϤ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻŋāώāĻŖā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦā§€āĻ­ā§ŽāϏ āĻ¸ā§āϰ⧋āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϝāĻ–āύ āύāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϙ⧇ āϤāĻ–āύ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻĒāĻžāϰ āχ āĻ­āĻžāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āϰ⧋āϤ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āϗ⧇ āĻĻ⧁ āĻĒāĻžā§œ āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āφāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻĒāĻžāϰ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻ­āĻžāϙ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžā§œ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āωāĻ āϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇ āϞ⧋āĻšāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āϞ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϏ⧇āχ āϞ⧋āĻšāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϚāĻ•āϚāϕ⧇ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϞ⧋ āϛ⧋āϰāĻžāĻ“ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ• āχ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻžā§Ÿ āĻĻ⧁ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤—-“

    “—āĻāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āφāϏāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ? āĻāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āĻāϤ⧋ āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āϕ⧇āύ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āĻļ? āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§ā§œā§€ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻ• āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āϚ⧁āϰāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āχ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āĻļ⧁āύ⧇ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āϕ⧇āύ? āϝ⧇ āĻāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇, āϝ⧇ āϘ⧁āĻŽāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āϕ⧇, āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϕ⧇āύ? āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁āĨ¤ āĻāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁ āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϤ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚ⧟ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤—-“

     

    PDF Logo_2PDF Version [Published at SMC Magazine “āύ⧋āĻ™āĻ°â€ May 2014]
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    Rownok Hasbun Nahar26
    [āϰāĻ“āύāĻ• āĻšāĻžāϏāĻŦ⧁āύ āύāĻžāĻšāĻžāϰ (āϰ⧁āĻŦāĻž): āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀, āύ⧇āĻļāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āϏāĻšāϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŖā§€ – āφāϤāĻžāωāϞ āĻŽāϜāĻŋāĻĻ āωāĻœā§āĻœā§āĻŦāϞ (⧍ā§Ŧ)]

  • ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ē āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ ā§¨ā§ŽāĻļā§‡Â  āĻĢ⧇āĻŦā§āϰ⧁⧟āĻžāϰāĻŋ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āϝāĻž ā§­ āϟāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āφāĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻ°Â Â  āωāĻĒāϕ⧂āϞ⧇ “āĻŦāĻžāĻ“ āĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāύāĻžāĻ°â€ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§‹āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§‹āϰāϪ⧇ ⧍⧭ āϜāύ āĻ•ā§āϰ⧁āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ ⧍⧧ āϜāύ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ ā§§ā§Ž āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻĻ⧇āĻš āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦ⧇āĻšā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āύāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āϜāĻžāύāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻāϤ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āωāĻ āĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āχ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§‹āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āύ⧀āĻšā§‡ āϤāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāĻŸā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϐāϏāĻŦ āĻ•ā§āϰ⧁āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϟāĻŋāĨ¤
    āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨ⧁āύ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϚ⧁āĻĒāϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āύ āφāϰ āĻšā§ˆāϚ⧈ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ“āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀āϕ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰāχ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϧāĻžāύāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋ ⧍⧭ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻ•āϰ⧇āχ āϏāĻŦ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāĻž āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĄā§‡āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāϞāĻŦ⧇ āϭ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϟāĻž āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāώ⧇āχ āĻĒ⧁āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ•āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ⧇āχ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨ⧁āύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϟāĻž āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāύāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϞāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āφāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻ“āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϟāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻ…āϤ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰāĻŋ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāϞāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ āφāĻšāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύ⧇āχāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏāĻŦ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻŽāύ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞ āϞ⧇āϗ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨ⧁āύ āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϕ⧇āύ āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϟāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇ ? āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϕ⧂āϞ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϞ āϛ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ āĻāχ āϭ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇ , āϏ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āύāĻž āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŦ⧇āĻļā§€āχ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āφāϰ āϤāĻž āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ āύāĻžāĨ¤

    āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āύ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻšā§‡āĻšāĻžāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϞāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĨ¤ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĻāĻžāĻĒ⧁āĻŸā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāϞāϞ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āĻĻāĻŋāύ āφāĻ— āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϕ⧋āύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϟāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŋ āϏ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• , āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϛ⧇ āϏ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āχ āϜāĻžāύ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϟāĻž āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇āχ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āφāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāω āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āύ āφāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀ ⧍⧍ā§Ļā§Ļ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĢāĻŋāĻŸā§‡āϰ āϜ⧁āĻšā§ āĻŦā§€āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻŦāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ , āϞāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ‚ āϰ⧁āĻŽā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ , āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻž āϕ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āϤ āĻ•āĻŋ ? āĻāχ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻšāϤāĨ¤ āϛ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āϜāύāϕ⧇āχ āϏ⧇āϰāĻž āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ āĻ•āϞ⧇āĻœā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϜāĻžāĻŽāĻžāχ āĻĻ⧁āϜāύ⧇āχ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀āĻ“ āĻ“āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇āχ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻ“āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻļāϖ⧇āϰ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āύ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ–āĻžāϟ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϰāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϰāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāĻĄā§āĻĄāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĄā§āϰāĻŋāĻ‚āĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ āφāϰ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤

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    āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ⧇ ( āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ ) āĻšāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ•āĻž āĻ—āĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāϜāϛ⧇ āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻžāύ āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§€āĻĢ āϕ⧁āϕ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻ–āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻž āϏ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϏāĻžāĻŦāϧāĻžāύ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύāχ āύāϤ⧁āύ āύāϤ⧁āύ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāύ⧁āύ āφāϏāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏ⧇āĻĢāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏ⧁āϧ⧁ āϏ⧇āĻĢāϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āϜāĻžāύ⧇ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻž āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āφāϏāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āϚāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏ āύāĻŋāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ ( āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ⧇āύāϕ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϰ⧁āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ¨ā§āύ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ) āĨ¤ āφāϜ āϏ⧇ āχāĻ‚āϞāĻŋāĻļ āĻĢ⧁āĻĄ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰāĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĨ¤ āχāĻ‚āϞāĻŋāĻļ āĻĢ⧁āĻĄā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāχāϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āϟ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāϕ⧇ āĻĢā§āϰāĻŋāϜ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāχāϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āφāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĨ¤ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāύ āĻšāϞ āϛ⧇āϞ⧇āϟāĻž āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āφāϏāϛ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤

    āĻšā§€āĻĢ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻžāϰ āĻĄā§‡āĻ• āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āϏāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āφāϏāϛ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ›āϝāĻŧ āϟāĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āφāϗ⧇āχ āĻ“āϰāĻž āϛ⧁āϟāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϚāϞ⧇ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āφāϜ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ āϕ⧋āύ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϭ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻĄā§‡āϕ⧇ āϝ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āφāϏāĻŦ⧇ āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āύ āφāϰ āϏ⧇āĻĢāϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁ , āĻšā§‡āϞāĻŽā§‡āϟ āĻĒāϰāϤ⧇ āχāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž “āĻŦ⧁āĻĄāĻŧāĻžâ€ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāϛ⧇ ( āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻžāϰāϰāĻž āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āύ āϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ “āĻŦ⧁āĻĄāĻŧāĻžâ€ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ) āĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇āχ ⧍āϝāĻŧ āχāĻžā§āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧁āϜāύ⧇āχ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻĄā§‡āĻŽā§€āϰ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄā§‡āϟāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻĄāĻŋāωāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ ⧍āϝāĻŧ āχāĻžā§āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĄā§‡āĻ• āφāĻĢāĻŋāϏ⧇ āĻĸ⧁ āĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϗ⧁āϜāĻŦ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻžāϰ , āχāĻžā§āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāĻžāϧ⧁āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāϜāϕ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āχ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϧāϰ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāϛ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻ…āύāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ āϧāϰ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇āχ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤

    āĻšā§€āĻĢ āχāĻžā§āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύāϟāĻž āϕ⧇āύ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ›āϟāĻĢāϟ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āϕ⧇āύ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻļā§€āĻ˜ā§āϰāχ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϏāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻ“ āĻŽāύāϟāĻž āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϛ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āϏ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āύ āϏāĻžāĻšā§‡āĻŦāϕ⧇ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϟāĻž āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĨ¤ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āύ āϕ⧋āύ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāύ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻ•āϰ⧇āχ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϞ

    “āĻšā§€āĻĢ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽāϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ āύāĻžâ€ “Chief you can not die”
    āĻšā§€āĻĢ āχāĻžā§āϜāĻŋāσ āϕ⧇āύ ?
    “āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ, āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻāϰāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĻ¨â€āĨ¤ “Because all of you already death”
    āĻšā§€āĻĢ āχāĻžā§āϜāĻŋāσ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ !!
    “āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϭ⧁āϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ—āϤ āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻžāĻšā§‡ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§‹āϰāύ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤â€œ “You have forgotten. Your ship explode and all crew died in that explosion last week”
    āĻšā§€āĻĢ āχāĻžā§āϜāĻŋāσ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāϜ āϤ⧋ āϚāϞ⧇āϛ⧇ ?
    “āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āύ, āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āϜāĻžāύ⧇āύ?” “You know where you are going?”
    āφāϏāϞ⧇āχ āϤ⧋ āϏ⧇ āϜāĻžāύ⧇ āύāĻž āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāϜāϟāĻž āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϜāĻžāύ⧇ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāϜāϟāĻž āϚāϞāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āĻ­āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ­āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϜāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāϏāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻŽā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāϜāϟāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϚāϞāϛ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻž āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤
    “āĻŽā§ƒāϤ āύāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āϰāĻž āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāϜ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡â€āĨ¤ “ The dead sailors running the ship ”

    PDF Logo_2PDF Version [Published at SMC Magazine “āύ⧋āĻ™āĻ°â€ May 2014]

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    Khalid_29

    āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤāĻŋāσ āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻŋāĻĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻŽā§āĻĻ (⧍⧝) āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡ āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰ⧀āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻŦā§āϞāϗ⧇ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϞ⧇āĻ–āĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤

  • One day, Tony and I were going to the park.

    As we were there, we saw a………WAND! A magic wand! A magic wand was lying on the ground. I asked Tony If he knew about the wand but Tony said “No Linda I don’t!”I felt a little scared but then I told him “we’ll find out more about this wand,” I picked up the wand and we took it home. After we told our mum about it she said not to use it because it may be dangerous. Our mom took the wand and told me to look into the Internet and find out more about this wand but before I used the computer my mom said ”Don’t wave the wand Linda, ” After she told me that I started the computer and began my work.

    Before long I found that this wand was a magic wand. I told mom and Tony about it. Mom and Tony both said ”WOW! A magic wand! ” At night time, Tony and I had a plan.  We sneaked out of the house and went to a forest where we could look for the owner of this wand. It took us ten minutes to get lost. We weren’t completely lost because Tony had brought our food and sleeping bags and also a packet of bread crumbs so that we can drop them on the ground and follow them home but unfortunately the birds ate them all! So we were completely lost! I was scared but Tony said ”Calm down Linda, we’re gonna be fine” and I said ”But Tony it’s so dark! How on earth are we going home?”Tony said ”We’ll be fine Linda, trust me and we’ll find a way to give this wand to its owner and go home! ” I liked the sound of that! So without wasting any time we started looking for the owner. But before long we looked at the sky and saw…… someone on a broom!

    Tony said that I should take out my flashlight and shine it on the sky. So I did what he said and shined my flashlight on the sky and saw….. Three witches! Three witches were flying on the sky and saying”Oh my! Oh my! Where’s my wand? Oh my” Linda and her brother looked amazed. Three witches landed on the ground looking at Tony and Linda.

    Linda said ”This is it Tony! ”, Linda exclaimed.
    ”We found the owner of this wand! ”
    Tony said “I know Linda but which one because none of them have wands!”
    One of the witches cackled ”I don’t know which witch is a real witch! ”
    Tony said “what do you mean by you don’t know which witch is a witch? ”
    The witch whispered into Tony’s ear and said” All of them may look like witches but they may be just wearing costumes!”
    Tony exclaimed ”I know just how to solve this problem! ”
    The witch cackled “What are you going to do? ”
    Tony said “I’m going to give them a witch test!”
    The witch cackled ‘‘What’s a witch test?”

    Tony said “a witch test is…a test to see if a witch can act like a witch, talk like a witch, walk like a witch and last but not least control and wave a wand like a witch! “.

    The witch said “you are a smart little boy alright!”. After Linda give Tony her wand. The witch said “thank you, so let’s start the test!”
    Tony and Linda both exclaimed “Yeah!”After some time the ‘witch test’ began and Tony and Linda were the judges.

    Five minutes later Tony began the first obstacle. The witches have to walk sideway like a witch.
    The second obstacle is…..broom riding! Broom riding is harder than witch walking because walking might be easy but riding a magic broom is not that easy because…it’s like a horse, as the broom jumps everywhere!
    After the second obstacle had finished, the witches started the third and the hardest obstacle and that is to control a magic wand. Controlling the wand is the most important one because if you’re about to get attacked you can use the magic wand to get out of trouble.

    First Tony and Linda have to announce the loser   of   this   year 2014 is……  Marian. Marian lost   because   she didn’t do well in any of the obstacle and the worst part is she cheated by using magic and you know what they say when you make it easy with cheating you will always fail, because the judges might have spotted. Same as in school the teacher might have not spotted you but maybe you copied the wrong answer while cheating!

    So don’t cheat! By cheating it always makes it worse and remembers always one should have integrity (honesty) everywhere.

    After the last obstacle was finished, Tony and Linda announced the winning witch!  The best witch award goes to Lucinia the little witch. Lucinia is a real little witch!

    The witch we have to kick out of the team is. …..MARIAN! (Marian is actually an animal fairy)  Do you know what Marian said to Tony and Linda?  If you don’t know, then here’s what she said ”Do you two want to go home?” Linda said ”Yes please Miss Marian’’ The fairy said ”Your wish is my command! ” and with a wave of her magic wand Tony and Linda were back in bed.

    Linda asked Tony if the magical tour was all real, and Tony said ”Yes Linda it was all real,”.

    PDF Logo_2PDF Version [Published at SMC Magazine “āύ⧋āĻ™āĻ°â€ May 2014]

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    Pareeza Nawar29

    [Pareeza Nawar is seven years old and a P2 student of East View Primary school in Tampines. She is the daughter of Shakil Ahmed(29) & Dr. Sifat Jubaira.]

  • āχāĻ¨ā§āύāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžāĻšāĻŋ āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āχāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āχāϞāĻžāĻšāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻŋāωāύ |May Almighty forgive him and grant him jannah and give strength to his family members to bear this irrecoverable loss.

  • A.K.M Jamal Uddin posted a new activity comment 11 years, 6 months ago

    Welcome Sir..

  • A.K.M Jamal Uddin changed their profile picture 11 years, 7 months ago

  • [SMC Magazine 'āύ⧋āĻ™āϰ'] WYSIWYG – What You See Is What You Get – a critical analysis of ECDIS display: Zakirul Bhuiyan (23) WYSIWYG – What You See Is What You Get – or is it? The world of computing is strewn with acronyms, and so it might be considered appropriate to use one – […]